Role of Radiotherapy and Hormone Therapy in Patients with Node-Positive Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer

New-generation imaging techniques and the increasing use of surgery in high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) allow usto detect many cases of nodal disease at initial diagnosis or after resection. The treatment of PCa with pathologic regional nodeshas evolved from the exclusive use of systemic therapy to its combination with locoregional treatment. It can also represent abenefit in the overall survival. However, the evidence from randomised studies is limited. Thus, we review the most relevantresults in this scenario.Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Clinical-Trials.gov and Webof Science on January 2023 to review node-positive PCa by considering the relevant literature on this topic published with norestrictions on date and language. The search keywords used were “Prostatic Neoplasms” (MeSh) and “Node-positive” (TextWord) and “Radiotherapy” (MeSh) and (“Androgen Antagonists” (MeSh) or “Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal” (MeSh)), whichare indexed within the Medical Subject Headings database.Results: The management of node-positive PCa has no clear definitive consensus at the initial disease diagnosis or after surgery.However, in this review, we summarise the existing literature for the management of these patients in both scenarios, consideringimaging tests, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and second-generation hormonal treatments.Conclusions: The combination of radiotherapy and androgen-deprivation therapy is the treatment of choice. The addition ofsecond-generation hormone therapy, plus the intensification of radiotherapy schedules, will likely change the treatment paradigm for these patients. (AU)

Cambios en el currículum de la Educación Física chilena: voces desde el territorio

El objetivo de la investigación fue analizar el desarrollo del currículum en los últimos años y la didáctica que utilizan profesores de Educación Física en una región del centro sur de Chile. La metodología del estudio es de tipo cualitativa, a través de entrevistas a docentes con al menos cinco años de permanencia en el sistema educacional. Los resultados dan cuenta de que los profesores abordan el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje analizando el contexto en que están inmersos. Al momento de planificar sus clases se apoyan en las bases curriculares dispuestas por el Ministerio de Educación y las características de los estudiantes. Se concluye que, respecto a los desafíos actuales, buscan llevar a la práctica un modelo constructivista, procurando que el estudiante sea parte del proceso educativo, tomando en cuenta su integridad y bienestar. Asimismo, se espera que el currículum incorpore las problemáticas actuales que emergen en la sociedad.

The objective was to analyze the curriculum development and the didactics used by Physical Education teachers in recent years in a region of south-central Chile. The methodology of the study is qualitative, in which interviews were conducted with teachers with at least 5 years of permanence in the educational system. The results show that teachers approach the teaching-learning process by analyzing the context in which they are immersed. When planning their classes, they rely on the curricular bases established by the Ministry of Education and the characteristics of the students. Regarding current challenges, they seek to implement a constructivist model, making the student part of the educational process, taking into account their integrity and well-being. It is also hoped that the curriculum can incorporate the current problems emerging in society.

O objetivo foi analisar o desenvolvimento do currículo nos últimos anos e a didática utilizada pelos professores de Educação Física em uma região do centro-sul do Chile. A metodologia do estudo é qualitativa, em que foram realizadas entrevistas com professores com no mínimo 5 anos de permanência no sistema educacional. Os resultados mostram que os professores abordam o processo de ensino-aprendizagem analisando o contexto em que estão inseridos. Ao planejar suas aulas, eles se baseiam nas bases curriculares estabelecidas pelo Ministério da Educação e nas características dos alunos. Conclui-se que, face aos desafios atuais, procuram implementar um modelo construtivista, tornando o aluno parte do processo educativo, tendo em conta a sua integridade e bem-estar. Da mesma forma, espera-se que o currículo incorpore os problemas atuais que surgem na sociedade.

Role of Radiotherapy and Hormone Therapy in Patients with Node-Positive Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer.

BACKGROUND: New-generation imaging techniques and the increasing use of surgery in high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) allow us to detect many cases of nodal disease at initial diagnosis or after resection. The treatment of PCa with pathologic regional nodes has evolved from the exclusive use of systemic therapy to its combination with locoregional treatment. It can also represent a benefit in the overall survival. However, the evidence from randomised studies is limited. Thus, we review the most relevant results in this scenario. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Clinical-Trials.gov and Web of Science on January 2023 to review node-positive PCa by considering the relevant literature on this topic published with no restrictions on date and language. The search keywords used were "Prostatic Neoplasms" (MeSh) and "Node-positive" (Text Word) and "Radiotherapy" (MeSh) and ("Androgen Antagonists" (MeSh) or "Antineoplastic Agents, Hormonal" (MeSh)), which are indexed within the Medical Subject Headings database. RESULTS: The management of node-positive PCa has no clear definitive consensus at the initial disease diagnosis or after surgery. However, in this review, we summarise the existing literature for the management of these patients in both scenarios, considering imaging tests, radiotherapy, hormone therapy and second-generation hormonal treatments. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of radiotherapy and androgen-deprivation therapy is the treatment of choice. The addition of second-generation hormone therapy, plus the intensification of radiotherapy schedules, will likely change the treatment paradigm for these patients.

Nanoparticles applied to cancer immunoregulation.

AIM: In recent years, we have seen a considerable increase in the relevance of nanostructures for the safe delivery of therapeutic agents and their capacity as an immunomodulatory tool. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Potential clinical applications related to their unique structural properties have been described in the evolving landscape of immunotherapy. RESULTS: This review briefly summarizes the evidence for the role of nanoparticles in regulating the immune response. CONCLUSIONS: Their main features to highlight how to provide an innovative means of biomedical application to oncology research.